Kadashman-Enlil II

Kadašman-Enlil II
King of Babylon
Reign 1263—1255 BC
Predecessor Kadašman-Turgu
Successor Kudur-Enlil
Royal House Kassite

Kadašman-Enlil II (1263-1255 BC short chronology) was the twenty fifth king of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon.

He succeeded Kadašman-Turgu as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu, “whom the gods have caused to live far too long and in whose mouth unfavourable words never cease”, according to Ḫattušili III.[1] The vizier seems to have adopted a sharply antagonistic position towards the Hittites, favoring the appeasement of their belligerent Assyrian northerly neighbor.[2]

Contents

Correspondence with Ḫattušili III

In the first place the Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, wrote to Itti-Marduk-balatu (“With-Marduk-[there is]-Life”)[3] to restablish relations with Kadašman-Turgu’s successor, because “my brother (Kadašman-Enlil) was a child in those days, and they did not read out the tablets in your presence.”[2] Itti-Marduk-balatu seems to have adopted the part of viceroy and, on one hand, Ḫattušili tried to renew the alliance entered into by the late king and, on the other, warn him – “If you do not protect my brother’s progeny in the kingship, I shall become your enemy.”[4] This drew an angry response from the vizier, who accused Ḫattušili of treating them like vassals.

Kadašman-Enlil had allowed his diplomatic missions with the Hittite court to lapse, prompting an anxious Ḫattušili to ask why. “Since the Ahlamu are hostile I have stopped sending my messengers. The King of Assyria prevents my messenger from crossing his territory” – were his feeble responses, and this drew the curt reply: “Only when two kings are at enmity do their messengers cease regular travel between them”.[4] However, when Kadašman-Enlil complained to Ḫattušili that his traders were being killed in Amurru and Ugarit, he refuted that any such thing could happen in Hittite territory.[5] Kadašman Enlil’s envoy, Adad-šar-ilani, had witnessed Bentešina of Amurru’s sworn rebuttal that he had cursed Babylonia, helping to diffuse a international crisis.[6]

Complementing him on his hunting prowess, Ḫattušili observed, “I have heard that my brother has become a grown man and regularly goes out to hunt,” before goading him to make war on a weaker neighbor, presumably Assyria.[7] “Do not keep sitting around, my brother, but go against an enemy land and defeat the enemy! [Against which land] should [my brother] go out? Go against a land over which you enjoy three – or fourfold numerical superiority.”[8] A diplomatic marriage may have been in the offing with Ḫattušili’s wife Puduhepa matchmaking Kadašman Enlil’s betroval to one of her daughters, if the assignment of the recipients and sequence of related letters is correct, but alas it was not to come to pass as he died young.[9]

Diplomacy with Egypt

Relations with Egypt were restored and possibly cemented with a diplomatic marriage of a “daughter of Babylon who had been given to Egypt”,[10] who must surely have been Kadašman-Enlil’s sister.

More horses than straw

In his correspondence with Kadašman-Enlil, Ḫattušili had observed that “in my brother’s country, the horses are more plentiful than straw,”[6] echoing the earlier sentiment of a letter from the Amarna corpus that stated, ‘’gold is like dust in the land of my brother,” rejoined by ‘’there are more horses than straw in the land of my Kassite brother.”[11]

However, Babylon was the source of more than equine commodities. It also provided high-in-demand physicians and other skilled artisans, such as sculptors, conjurers, and incantation priests.[12] Kadašman-Enlil had complained about the failure to return loaned doctors. Ḫattušili had concurred: "Detaining a doctor is not right!" But one named Rabâ-ša-Marduk had been enticed to stay, with provision of a “fine house” and a royal marriage. Another had the misfortune to have died, which failed to shame the unabashed Ḫattušili from requesting the services of a sculptor.[4]

Kadashman-Enlil II's reign was fairly short, up to nine years attested on the date formulae of more than forty economic texts.[13]

References

  1. ^ Letter from Ḫattušili III to Kadašman-Enlil II, Bo 1802.
  2. ^ a b Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–267. 
  3. ^ John Anthony Brinkman (1968). A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C.. Analecta Orientalia. p. 94.  footnote 490.
  4. ^ a b c Trevor Bryce (2003). Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal. Routledge. pp. 63, 71, 118–9. 
  5. ^ J. M. Munn-Rankin (1975). "XXV: Assyrian Military Power, 1300–1200 BC". In I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond, S. Solberger. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, 1380 – 1000 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–284. 
  6. ^ a b Harry A. Hoffner, (July 5, 2009). Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 15, 17. 
  7. ^ Gary M. Beckman (1999). Hittite Diplomatic Texts. Scholars Press. pp. 138–143.  for a translation of KBo 1.10 + KUB 3.72.
  8. ^ David Konstan, Kurt A. Raaflaub (2009). Epic and History in Hittite Anatolia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 61. 
  9. ^ Tablets KUB 21:38 to Kudur-Enlil and KUB 26.88 to Kadašman-Enlil or Kadašman-Turgu.
  10. ^ Alan R. Schulman (July 1979). "Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom". Journal of Near Eastern Studies (the University of Chicago Press) 38 (3): 187. 
  11. ^ Douglas J. Brewer, Emily Teeter (1999). Egypt and the Egyptians. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. 
  12. ^ Marian H. Feldman (2006). Diplomacy by design: luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400 – 1200 BC. University of Chicago Press. p. 126. 
  13. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1976). Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 136–139.